Byasubiwemo kuva kuri "Digital Dharma Circle": Ingingo imwe yo gusobanukirwa: Isano iri hagati ya ERP na CRM, MRP, PLM, APS, MES, QMS, WMS, SRM.
Muri iki gihe, byaba ari inganda, amasosiyete y'ubucuruzi, cyangwa ubucuruzi bushingiye ku mishinga, igihe cyose havuzwe ibijyanye no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga no gutanga amakuru, akenshi ibintu biba bimeze gutya:
◦ Umuyobozi: “Ese tugomba gushyira mu bikorwa ERP?”
◦ Umuyobozi w’ibikorwa: “Ese natwe ntabwo dukeneye CRM ubu?”
◦ Umuyobozi w’Umusaruro: “Bite se kuri MES? Kutagira iyo poromosiyo bisa nkaho bitaratera imbere.”
◦ IT: “Mu by’ukuri, APS, PLM, QMS, WMS, SRM… byose ni ingenzi cyane.”
Hanyuma icyumba cy'inama kiraceceka amasegonda atatu.
Ntawe utinyuka guhamagara kuko ntawe ushobora gusobanura neza: Ni iyihe sano iri hagati y’izi sisitemu? Ese imwe irateye imbere kurusha indi? Ese kugira byinshi bivuze ko ushoboye kurushaho?
Mu nkuru y'uyu munsi, ntabwo nzashyigikira abacuruzi cyangwa ibigo by'ubujyanama. Nzahagarara gusa mu mikorere y'ubucuruzi nyabwo kandi nsobanure neza izi gahunda:
● Icyo bakora
● Ni ibihe bibazo bakemura
● Imibanire yabo na ERP
● Igihe cyo kubishyira mu bikorwa n'igihe cyo kutabishyira mu bikorwa
Wibuke interuro imwe gusa:
ERP ntabwo ari ikinyuranyo cy'izindi sisitemu zose; ni sisitemu yo hagati y'imitsi.
1. Mbere na mbere, reka dusobanure ingingo iteye urujijo kurusha izindi:
ERP(Igenamigambi ry'umutungo w'ibigo)si umurimo wihariye; ni urutonde rw'ishingiro ry'imikorere.
Abantu benshi batekereza kuri ERP kandi icyo batekereza bwa mbere ni: imicungire y'imari, gucunga ububiko, gutanga inyemezabuguzi no kubika amafaranga… Ibi ni ukuri kuri 30% gusa. ERP ikuze by'ukuri ikubiyemo ibintu bitatu:
1. Guhuza amahame ngenderwaho y'amakuru
2. Guhuza inzira z'ubucuruzi
3. Gushyiramo amategeko agenga imikorere
Mu yandi magambo:
ERP icunga uko ikigo gikora, ntabwo icunga uko ishami runaka rikora.
Rero, sisitemu uzumva nyuma - CRM, MRP, PLM, APS, MES, QMS, WMS, SRM - nta na kimwe muri byo gisimbura ERP. Ni ubushobozi buke bwa ERP cyangwa inyongera za ERP.
Reka tubice kimwe kimwe.
II. ERP na CRM: Imwe icunga uburyo amafaranga aboneka, indi icunga uburyo abakiriya batekanye
CRM (Ubuyobozi bw'Imibanire n'Abakiriya) ikora iki?
Mu magambo make, CRM ikora ikintu kimwe: ihindura ibicuruzwa kuva mu buryo bwo kumva ko ari ibintu bifatika bikajya mu buryo bushoboka, bushobora gusuzumwa, kandi bugakongerwa.
Ibanze kuri:
• Aho abakiriya baturuka (abaguzi)
• Ni nde ukurikirana (umucuruzi)
• Ikurikiranabikorwa riri ku rwego ki?
• Niba hari ibyago byo gutsindwa amasezerano
• Niba bishoboka kongera kugurisha nyuma yo gufunga
None se ERP icunga iki?
ERP yita kuri ibi bikurikira:
• Niba iri tegeko rishobora kwemerwa
• Ikiguzi ni ikihe
• Niba inyungu mbumbe ishobora kubarwa neza
• Niba kohereza, gutanga inyemezabuguzi, no gukusanya amafaranga ari ibintu bifunganye
Ushobora kubyumva muri ubu buryo: CRM icunga amafaranga yo kwishyuza imbere, ERP icunga inkunga y'inyuma.
Amasezerano atsindirwa muri CRM, kandi akuzuzwa, akemurwa, kandi akabarwa muri ERP.
Hatabayeho ERP, nubwo haba hari amasezerano menshi muri CRM, imari, ububiko, no gutanga ibicuruzwa bizaba akajagari. Hatabayeho CRM, nubwo haba hari ERP yuzuye, kugurisha ibicuruzwa byishingikiriza gusa ku gukurikirana no kumva ibintu mu buryo bw'intoki.
Muri make: Ku bigo biharanira kugurisha, bigomba kubaCRM + ERPgukorera hamwe, tudahitamo umwe kuruta undi.
III. ERP na MRP: MRP si Sisitemu Yigenga, ahubwo ni Ubushobozi
Iyi ni yo ivugwa nabi kurusha izindi.
Mu by'ukuri MRP ni iki?
MRP = Gutegura Ibisabwa n'Ibikoresho. Ishingiro ryayo ni interuro imwe gusa:
Ukurikije ibyo watumije n'ibiri mu bubiko, banza ubare ibyo ugomba kugura, ingano yabyo, n'igihe cyo kubigura.
Menya neza, navuze ngo banza ubare.
Ni iyihe sano ifite na ERP?
Muri ERP ya none: MRP ni imwe mu module z'ingenzi za ERP. Mu yandi magambo: hatabayeho amakuru y'ibanze ya ERP (BOM, ububiko, amabwiriza), imibare ya MRP ntishobora kuba nyayo.
Niba uguze sisitemu ya MRP yigenga, birashoboka ko:
• Amakuru agomba kwinjiza mu gihugu intoki
• Ibisubizo bisaba gusesengura intoki
• Uracyashingira ku kumva amara nyuma yo kubara
Ikibazo cy'ibigo byinshi si ukubura MRP, ahubwo ni:
• Isuzuma ritari ryo
• Ibicuruzwa bitari byo
• Impinduka mu mikorere y'akajagari
Hanyuma bashinja sisitemu kuba ari yo. Niba imibare ya MRP idahwitse, 90% by'igihe ni ikibazo cy'ibanze cy'amakuru, ntabwo ari ikibazo cya algorithm.
IV. ERP na PLM: Umwe acunga uburyo bwo kugurisha, undi acunga uburyo bwo gushushanya
PLM ikora iki?
PLM = Imicungire y'ubuzima bw'ibicuruzwa. Yibanda kuri:
• Imiterere y'ibicuruzwa (BOM)
• Ibishushanyo, inyandiko z'ibikorwa
• Impinduka za verisiyo
• Amahame ngenderwaho ya tekiniki
Muri make, PLM icunga ibicuruzwa kuva ku gishushanyo mbonera kugeza ku kirangizwa.
Ni ryari ERP ikenera PLM?
Niba uri mu nganda zidasanzwe, ufite ibicuruzwa byinshi, cyangwa uhora uhindura imiterere y’ibikoresho, ubwo ubuyobozi bwa BOM bwubatswe muri ERP bushobora kuba budahagije.
Muri iki gihe, ukeneye PLM gucunga amakuru ya tekiniki mbere y'igihe, na ERP kugira ngo icunge umusaruro, amasoko, n'ikiguzi mu gice cy'inyuma, ni ukuvuga:
• PLM ifata icyemezo cy'icyo ikoresha mu gishushanyo
• ERP igena ibyo izagura, izakoresha, n'amafaranga izakoresha
Iyo sisitemu zombi zidahujwe, ikibazo gishoboka cyane ni iki: igishushanyo ni V3, kugura ibicuruzwa hakurikijwe V2, ikiguzi kibarwa hashingiwe kuri V1, hanyuma ikigo cyose gishyira amakosa hamwe.
V. ERP na APS: Umwe abara niba bikwiye gukorwa, undi abara uburyo bwo kubiteganya mu buryo bukwiye
APS ikora iki?
APS = Igenamigambi n'Igenamigambi Rihanitse. Bikemura ikibazo cyihariye kandi kibabaza: amabwiriza menshi, ubushobozi buke, igihe ntarengwa cyo gukora, no gukora gahunda y'intoki ntibishobora kubahiriza.
APS yibanda ku bushobozi bw'ibikoresho, uko ibikorwa bigenda, ikiguzi cyo guhindura ibikoresho, n'ibyo gutanga ibikoresho byihutirwa.
Ese ERP ntishobora gucunga gahunda y'umusaruro?
Birashobora, ariko ERP ishingira cyane ku igenamigambi rito, mu gihe APS ishingira cyane ku igenamigambi rirambuye.
Ushobora kubyumva utya:
• ERP ikubwira: Ingano y'umusaruro muri uku kwezi
• APS ikubwira: Ni iyihe gahunda iyi mashini ikwiye gukoraho mbere y'ejo mu gitondo
Ni ryari ugomba gushyira mu bikorwa APS?
Si ngombwa ko ugera ku rugero runaka, ahubwo ni uko wujuje ibi bintu:
• Ubwoko bwinshi, ingano nto
• Ihinduka ry'itariki yo gutanga ibicuruzwa kenshi
• Imbogamizi zigaragara ku bikoresho
Bitabaye ibyo, nubwo APS yashyizwe mu bikorwa, ushobora kugira imbonerahamwe nziza za Gantt mu gihe abaguzi batazikurikiza.
VI. ERP na MES: Imwe iri mu biro, indi iri ku igorofa ry'iduka
Ni iki MES icunga?
MES = Sisitemu yo Gutunganya Ibikoresho. Ikurikirana:
• Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'amabwiriza y'akazi
• Raporo y'ibikorwa
• Imiterere y'ibikoresho
• Ibidasanzwe ku musaruro
Muri make, MES icunga ibibera mu iduka.
ERP icunga iki?
ERP icunga gahunda, ikiguzi, ibikoresho, n'uburyo bwo kwishyura.
Ikibazo cy’ibigo byinshi ni uko gahunda za ERP ari nziza, ariko ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ibigo rishingiye gusa ku matsinda ya WeChat n’amabaruwa yera. Amaherezo, amakuru ari muri ERP yose yinjiye nyuma y’uko ibiza.
Uburyo bukwiye ni ubu:
• ERP yashyizeho gahunda
• MES itanga ibitekerezo ku ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryayo mu buryo bwihuse
• Ikiguzi n'iterambere bigaruka mu buryo bwikora
Bitabaye ibyo, ERP izahora ari sisitemu "y'ubuyobozi gusa".
VII. ERP na QMS: Imwe Icunga Ibisubizo, Indi Icunga Ibikorwa
QMS ikora iki?
QMS = Sisitemu yo gucunga ubuziranenge.Ikurikirana:
● Igenzura rigiye kuza
● Igenzura riri mu bikorwa
● Igenzura risohoka
● Kutubahiriza amategeko, ibikorwa byo gukosora, ibikorwa byo gukumira
Ese module nziza muri ERP irahagije?
Ku bucuruzi buto, yego. Ku nganda zifite ibisabwa mu rwego rwo hejuru, oya.
Kubera ko module y’ubuziranenge muri ERP akenshi ireba cyane kwandika no gutanga ibisubizo, mu gihe QMS ishimangira byinshi:
● Kugenzura ibikorwa
● Uburyo bwo gukurikirana
● Kunoza gahunda
QMS ishinzwe uburyo ubuziranenge bucungwa, ERP ishinzwe uburyo umusaruro w’ubuziranenge ugira ingaruka ku kiguzi no ku itangwa ry’ibicuruzwa.
VIII. ERP na WMS: Umwe acunga ibitabo, undi acunga aho byabereye
WMS ikora iki?
WMS = Sisitemu yo gucunga ububiko. Ikemura:
● Gucunga aho ibintu biherereye
● Guhitamo inzira
● Imibare y'amatsinda, amatariki azarangiriraho
● Barcode, gushakisha
Ese ERP nayo nta bubiko ifite?
Yego, ariko ERP ireba cyane konti z'ubwinshi n'ibaruramari ry'agaciro, mu gihe WMS icunga:
● Aho ibicuruzwa biri
● Uburyo bwo kubibona
● Ni nde wabibeshyeho?
Ni ryari ukeneye WMS?
Iyo uhuye na:
● Kubara ububiko bw'ibikoresho ni ukuri, ariko ahantu hari akajagari
● Kubona ibicuruzwa bishingiye ku bunararibonye
● Igiciro cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa bitari byo kiri hejuru
Ibyo ni byo bisanzwe kuri ERP + WMS.
IX. ERP na SRM: Imwe icunga ibikorwa by'imbere, indi icunga ubufatanye bw'abatanga serivisi
SRM ikora iki?
SRM = Imicungire y'Imibanire n'Abatanga SerivisiIkurikirana:
● Imikorere y'umutanga serivisi
● Amasaha yo kohereza, ubwiza
● Ubufatanye mu kwiyunga
● Gukorera mu mucyo mu bijyanye no gutanga amasoko
Ese module yo gutanga amasoko muri ERP ntabwo ihagije?
Ni byo, ariko bikemura gusa inzira z'imbere.
SRM ikemura ibibazo by'ubufatanye hagati y'ibigo bitandukanye, nka:
● Abatanga ibicuruzwa bemeza ibyo batumije kuri interineti
● Kwiyunga kuri interineti
● Gukemura ibibazo by'ubuziranenge mu buryo burambuye
X. Incamake ya nyuma
Ushobora kwibuka neza iyi mbonerahamwe y'imibanire:
● ERP: Ikigo cy'ibikorwa by'ikigo
● CRM: Imbere mu kugurisha
● MRP: Ubushobozi bwo kubara ibikoresho
● PLM: Inkomoko y'ibicuruzwa n'ikoranabuhanga
● APS: Igikoresho cyo gutegura gahunda kigezweho
● MES: Igikoresho cyo gushyira mu bikorwa iduka
● QMS: Sisitemu y'ubuziranenge
● WMS: Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'ububiko
● SRM: Ubufatanye mu ruhererekane rw'ibikoresho
Si uko sisitemu nyinshi ari nziza kurushaho.
Ahubwo,Ese ikibazo cyawe kibabaza cyane ubu gikwiye gukemurwa n'uburyo bwihariye?
——Iherezo——
Igihe cyo kohereza: 30 Mutarama 2026