Igenzura ry’ibicuruzwa byinjira mu mahanga ku ndege zitagira abapilote ryakomeje gukazwa mu myaka yashize. Amasosiyete menshi yahanishijwe ibihano kubera ko atumvise neza politiki. Ese ukeneye uruhushya rwo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga rukoreshwa kabiri ku ndege zitagira abapilote? Iyi ngingo isobanura neza imipaka y’igenzura kandi igatanga inzira yo kwigenzura intambwe ku yindi.
I. Ukeneye uruhushya? Igisubizo: biterwa n'ibipimo, ntabwo biterwa n'ikoreshwa
Amasosiyete menshi yibeshya ko indege zitagira abaguzi cyangwa iz’ubuhinzi ari “iza gisivili” bityo zikaba zidasaba uruhushya. Iki ni igitekerezo kibi cyane.
Dukurikije Itegeko rigenga kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga, Amabwiriza agenga kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bikoreshwa inshuro ebyiri, hamwe na Katalogu yo mu 2026 yo kugenzura ibintu bikoreshwa inshuro ebyiri yasohotse mu itangazo No. 91 ryo mu 2025 rya Minisiteri y'Ubucuruzi n'Ubuyobozi Bukuru bwa Gasutamo, kugenzura kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bidafite indege zitagira abapilote bishingiye kuibipimo bya tekiniki– ntabwo ari ku ikoreshwa ryabigenewe. Amafoto y'ubuhinzi, indege, cyangwa indege zitagira abapilote zigomba kubona uruhushya niba ibipimo byazo byujuje ibisabwa.
Ubushinwa bukoresha uburyo bwo kugenzura bubiri:
- 1. Indege zitagira abapilote zikoreshwa mu gisirikare(urugero: ubutasi, igitero) → bisaba uruhushya rwa gisirikare rwo kohereza mu mahanga;
- 2. Indege zitagira abapilote za gisivili(n'imizigo n'ibice byabyo) byujuje ibipimo bya tekiniki → bisaba uruhushya rwo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rikoreshwa inshuro ebyiri.
II. Ni iki gikubiye muri iki kiganiro? Ibyiciro bitandatu byagenzuwe kimwe kimwe
Dukurikije Urutonde rw’Igenzura ry’Ibintu Bikoreshwa mu Buryo Bubiri rwa Repubulika y’Abaturage y’Ubushinwa na Katalogu y’Ubuyobozi bw’Impushya zo Gutumiza no Kohereza mu Gihugu Ibintu Bikoreshwa mu Buryo Bubiri n’Ikoranabuhanga (Icyegeranyo cya 2026), urwego rwo kugenzura indege zitagira abapilote n’ibindi bifitanye isano rugizwe n’ibyiciro bitandatu by’ingenzi, buri kimwe gifite ibipimo bya tekiniki bisobanutse neza.
(1) Indege zuzuye zitagira abapilote
Kohereza hanze indege zitagira abapilote bigengwa nakode ebyiri z'ingenzi zo kugenzura - 9A012 na 9A501mu rutonde rw'ibipimo byo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bikoreshwa inshuro ebyiri. Ikinyabiziga kidakoresha umudereva (harimo n'indege zitagira umudereva) kiragenzurwa iyo kihuye n'ikibazouwo ari we weseibipimo bya tekiniki bikurikira:
| Imiterere y'ibipimo | Igipimo ngenderwaho cyihariye |
|---|---|
| Indwara yo kwihangana 1 | Ubushobozi ntarengwa bwo kwihangana hagati y'iminota 30 (harimo) n'isaha 1, kandi bushobora guhaguruka neza no kuguruka mu buryo bugenzurwa mu gihe cy'umuyaga wa kilometero 46.3 ku isaha (amanota 25) cyangwa hejuru yayo. |
| Indwara yo kwihangana 2 | Ubushobozi ntarengwa bwo kwihangana bungana cyangwa burenga isaha 1 |
| Urugendo | Intera ingana cyangwa irenga kilometero 300 (ihuye na kode y'igenzura 9A501) |
| Sisitemu yo gukwirakwiza | Ifite, cyangwa yagenewe gushyirwamo, sisitemu yo gukwirakwiza umwuka ya litiro 20 cyangwa zirenga, kandi ishobora kuguruka mu buryo bwigenga cyangwa kugenzura kure y'amashusho (BVR). |
| Moteri | Ifite moteri yihariye y'indege ifite ingufu zihoraho zirenga 16 kW |
Icyitonderwa: Indege z’icyitegererezo zagenewe kwidagadura cyangwa amarushanwa gusa ntizigengwa n’amabwiriza yose ya 9A501. Ariko, iyo izo ndege zahinduwe kugira ngo zihuze n’imwe mu ngingo zavuzwe haruguru, zizakenera uruhushya.
(2) Imitwaro yihariye
Imitwaro ikomeye yagenewe indege zitagira umuvuduko mwinshi zigenzurwa, iri ku rutonde rw’igenzura kuko ishobora kongera ubushobozi bwa gisirikare bwo kugenzura, kubona intego, cyangwa kumenya neza ibitero.Byaba byoherejwe ukwabyo cyangwa hamwe n'indege yuzuye itagira drone, ntibishobora koherezwa hanze nta burenganzira bifite.
Ubwoko bune bw'ingenzi bugenzurwa ni:
- Ibikoresho byo gufata amashusho bya infrared: uburebure bw'umurambararo buri hagati ya nm 780 na nm 30.000, n'uburebure bw'inyuma (IFOV) buri munsi ya mililidiyo 2.5;
- Radar y'ubukonje bw'ubukorano (SAR): intera yo gukora irenga kilometero 5, hamwe n'uburyo bwo gupima strip-mode burenga metero 0.3, cyangwa uburyo bwo gupima spotlight burenga metero 0.1;
- Lazeri zishushanya intego: ishobora gukora neza ku bushyuhe buri hejuru ya 55 °C, ubwoko budagenzurwa n'ubushyuhe, ifite ingufu za single-pulse >80 mJ, ihamye iri hejuru ya 15%, kandi ihindagurika ry'imirasire <0.3 milliradians;
- Ibikoresho byo gupima ibinyabutabire bifite imiterere ihanitse: uburyo bwo kumenya neza umurongo <2 dogere, uburyo bwo kumenya neza uko ibintu bimeze <0.5 dogere, n'uburyo bwo kumenya neza <0.1 dogere.
(3) Ibice by'ingenzi
Ibice by'ingenzi bishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo butaziguye mu guhindura cyangwa guteranya UAV zigenzurwa, cyangwa kongera imikorere yazo y'ingenzi, biri ku rutonde rw'igenzura rwo mu 2026.Itsinda ryo mu 2026 ryongeyeho "ibikoresho n'ibice byagenewe guhindura indege zitwarwa n'abantu mo UAV zigenzurwa" ku rwego rwo kugenzura.
Ibice by'ingenzi bigenzurwa buri gihe birimo:
- Moteri z’indege zabugenewe zifite imbaraga ntarengwa zihoraho zirenga 16 kW;
- Imodoka zigenzura indege neza cyane;
- Gyroscope n'ibindi bifitanye isano.
(4) Ibikoresho byo kurwanya UAV
Sisitemu za gisivili zo kurwanya UAV zashyizwe mu rwego rwo gutangaza ibicuruzwa bifitanye isano na UAV. Abatumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bagomba kubahiriza ibisabwa mu itangazo ryatanzwe n'Ubuyobozi Bukuru bwa Gasutamo ryo mu 2026. Byakwiye kumenyekana ko Itangazo Nomero 78 ahaniniigena uburyo bwo gutangaza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga(nk'ukwuzuza "kode y'ibicuruzwa bigenzurwa/bigenzurwa" na "ibintu by'imenyekanisha ku bicuruzwa bigenzurwa/bigenzurwa") - ntabwo ubwabyo byemeza imiterere y'igenzura. Niba igikoresho cya UAV kirwanya ari ikintu kigenzurwa bigomba kugenwa hakurikijwe ibipimo bya tekiniki biri ku rutonde rw'ibicuruzwa bigenzurwa koherezwa mu mahanga bibiri.
(5) Igenzura ryihariye ry’ibintu
Nubwo indege itagira umuderevu itaragaragara muri kataloge y'igenzura, kohereza hanze birabujijwe iyo umuntu wohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahangaazi cyangwa agomba kumenyako ibicuruzwa bizakoreshwa mu gukwirakwiza intwaro zo kurimbura imbaga, ibikorwa by'iterabwoba, cyangwa ibikorwa bya gisirikare.
(6) Igenzura ryihariye ry'igihugu
Itangazo Nomero 46 ryo mu 2024 ryatanzwe na Minisiteri y'Ubucuruzi rivuga mu buryo bweruye:Kohereza ibicuruzwa bikoreshwa inshuro ebyiri ku bakoresha ibikoresho bya gisirikare muri Amerika cyangwa ku bikoresho bya gisirikare muri Amerika birabujijwe.Muri rusange, kohereza hanze ibicuruzwa bya gallium, germanium, antimony, n'ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu buryo bubiri muri Amerika ntibyemewe; ku bikoresho bya grafiti bikoreshwa mu buryo bubiri, hakurikizwa isuzuma rikomeye ry'abakoresha n'abakoresha mu buryo bubiri.
III. Kwigenzura mu ntambwe eshanu (Ibuka: uruhushya rwa mbere, rwoherezwe nyuma)
Intambwe ya 1: Genzura ibicuruzwa byawe ukurikije urutonde rw'ibyo ugenzura
Ubwa mbere, gereranya ibipimo bya tekiniki by'ibicuruzwa byawe ukoresheje Urutonde rw'Igenzura ryo Kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga rw'Ibikoresho Bikoreshwa mu Mibiri bya Repubulika y'Abaturage y'Ubushinwa hamwe na Katalogu y'Ubuyobozi bw'Impushya zo Kohereza no Kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga ku Bikoresho Bikoreshwa mu Mibiri n'Ikoranabuhanga (Icyegeranyo cya 2026).
Ahantu hagenzurwa ibintu by'ingenzi: kwihangana, ubwirinzi bw'umuyaga, urwego rwo kugenzura, niba hari imizigo yihariye itwarwa, urwego rwo hejuru, nibindi.Kode za HS ni iz'ifatizo rya gasutamo gusa kandi ntabwo ari zo zigena iherezo– hagaragajwe ko hakenewe uruhushyahakurikijwe ibipimo nyabyo bya tekinikiby'ibicuruzwa.
Inyandiko yihariye:Kode za HS zishyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe uburemere ntarengwa bwo guhaguruka, mu gihe kode zo kugenzura kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga zikoresha ibipimo bya tekiniki bitandukanye rwose. Indege ebyiri zitagira ibiro bimwe zo guhaguruka zishobora kugwa munsi y’amategeko agenga igenzura atandukanye bitewe n’itandukaniro ry’ubuhanga bwo kwihanganira; mu buryo bunyuranye, indege ebyiri zitagira ibiro bitandukanye cyane zo guhaguruka zishobora kugwa munsi y’amategeko agenga igenzura rimwe.
Intambwe ya 2: Suzuma umukoresha wa nyuma n'umukoresha wa nyuma
Kugira ngo hamenyekane niba ibicuruzwa bigenzurwa, amasosiyete ntagomba kwishingikiriza gusa ku rutonde rw’ibigenzurwa n’ibicuruzwa - agomba no gukoraisuzuma ryimbitse ry'abakoresha n'abakoreshaIbintu bimwe na bimwe bitajyanye n'ibipimo bya tekiniki byavuzwe haruguru bishobora gukomeza kugenzurwa hashingiwe ku mikoreshereze yihariye cyangwa imimerere y'ababikoresha.
Intambwe ya 3: Niba utazi neza, banza uganire
Niba udashobora kumenya niba ibicuruzwa wifuza koherezwa mu mahanga ari ikintu kigenzurwa, ushobora gutanga icyifuzo cyo kugisha inama binyuze mu gice cyitwa “Ibintu Bikoreshwa Kabiri n’Ikoranabuhanga ryo Kwemerera Kohereza no Gutumiza mu mahanga” kiri ku rubuga rwa Minisiteri y’Ubucuruzi rwo kuri interineti rwa serivisi za leta. Mu gihe usaba inama, ugomba gutanga ibisobanuro by’imikorere, imikoreshereze y’ingenzi, n’impamvu zituma udashobora kumenya imiterere y’ibicuruzwa bigenzurwa.
Intambwe ya 4: Niba bigenzuwe, saba uruhushya
Iyo ikintu cyemejwe ko kigenzurwa, umuntu wohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga agomba gusaba Minisiteri y'Ubucuruzi abinyujije mu kigo cy'ubucuruzi cy'intara, kuzuza ifishi yo gusaba ibintu bikoreshwa kabiri no kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga, no gutanga inyandiko zisabwa.Uruhushya rurakenewe mbere yo kohereza, kohereza, cyangwa kohereza ibintu bikoreshwa inshuro ebyiri mu mahanga.
Icyitonderwa cy'ingirakamaro:Niba itegeko rimwe rikubiyemo ubwoko bwinshi bugengwa n’amategeko agenga ibintu atandukanye (urugero, drone y’inganda iri munsi ya 9A012 n’drone y’ubuhinzi iri munsi ya 9A501), ugomba gusaba uburenganzira butandukanye kuri buri kode y’ubuyobozi - ntibushobora guhuzwa. Iyo drone ifite umutwaro ugenzurwa ushobora gukurwaho, drone n’umutwaro bigomba kandi guhabwa uburenganzira ukwabyo.
Intambwe ya 5: Kubwiza ukuri ku migenzo
Dukurikije Itangazo No 78 ryo mu 2026 ryatanzwe n’Ubuyobozi Bukuru bwa Gasutamo (guhera ku ya 30 Kamena 2026), abohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bagomba gutangaza ukuri kuri gasutamo. Ku bicuruzwa bigenzurwa, inkingi ya "Ibisobanuro" y’itangazo rya gasutamo igomba kuvuga ngo "Iki ni ikintu kigenzurwa n’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga" kandi ikagaragaza kode ijyanye nacyo igenzura koherezwa mu mahanga ikoreshwa kabiri. Ku bicuruzwa bitagenzurwa ariko bifite imiterere yegereye ingano, inkingi ya "Ibisobanuro" igomba kuvuga ngo "Iki si ikintu kigenzurwa n’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga."
Abatumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bagomba kandi gukurikiza amabwiriza ari muri sisitemu ya "Idirishya Rimwe" kugira ngo buzuze "kode y'ibicuruzwa bigenzurwa/bigenzurwa" na "ibintu by'imenyekanisha ku bicuruzwa bigenzurwa/bigenzurwa" hamwe n'ibipimo bya tekiniki byihariye.
IV. Ingaruka zabyo ni mbi gute? Ntugafate amahirwe iyo ari yo yose
Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’inzego zishinzwe imisoro n’ubucuruzi ku bicuruzwa bikoreshwa inshuro ebyiri ryakomeje kwiyongera. Imanza zo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga mu buryo butemewe n’amategeko zikoreshwa inshuro ebyiri zirimo kwiyongera cyane, kandi muri zo, imanza zijyanye n’indege zitagira abapilote n’ibice byazo ziyongereye cyane.
Ibihano by'ubuyobozi: Kohereza ibicuruzwa bigenzurwa nta ruhushya bihanishwa amande hakurikijwe ingingo ya 34 y'Itegeko ryo Kugenzura Kohereza Ibicuruzwa mu mahanga. Mu by'ukuri, hari aho amasosiyete yakoresheje ubucuruzi bwa elegitoroniki bukorerwa mu mahanga (urugero, uburyo bwa 9610) kugira ngo yohereze ibicuruzwa bigenzurwa mu mahanga kandi agahanwa nubwo ibicuruzwa binyuranyije n'amategeko byari hafi RMB 20.000 gusa.
Uburyozwacyaha: Iyo umuntu wohereza ibicuruzwa hanze y’igihugu abigambiriye adafite uruhushya kandi agaciro karenze RMB 200.000, bishobora kuba icyaha cyo kwinjiza ibicuruzwa bibujijwe gutumiza cyangwa kohereza mu mahanga, gihanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka itanu cyangwa gufungwa, cyangwa nta bihano; niba agaciro karenze RMB miliyoni 1 cyangwa niba hari izindi mpamvu zikomeye, igihano gishobora kuba igifungo cy’imyaka itanu cyangwa irenga, hamwe n’ihazabu.
Icy'ingenzi: Guha isosiyete itwara imizigo cyangwa ikigo gishinzwe gutanga ibicuruzwa inshingano zo gucunga imisoro ya gasutamo ntibikuraho inshingano zayo zo kubahiriza amategeko. Umushoramari agomba kumenyesha neza umukozi we uko ibintu bimeze, agasuzuma ibikubiye mu itangazo, kandi ntagire icyo avuga ngo “reka utwara imizigo abikore”.
V. Incamake y'iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko ku bigo
1. Menya uko ibintu bimeze mbere yo kwakira itegeko– ntukishingikirize ku bunararibonye bwa kera; reba 9A012 gusa ahubwo na 9A501.
2. Shyiraho inzira ifunganye yo“igenzura ry’ibipimo → isuzuma ry’umukoresha wa nyuma → kwemeza iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko”.
3. Niba ibipimo bishidikanyaho,gisha inama Minisiteri y'Ubucuruzi ku buryo bwihuse– ntuzigere wohereza mu buryo buhumyi.
4. Ntuzigere unyuranya n'igenzuramu kugabanya ibicuruzwa cyangwa gutangaza amazina y'ibicuruzwa nabi.
5. Kuriamabwiriza agoye arimo ubwoko bwinshi cyangwa indege zitagira abapilote zifite imitwaro, tegura ingamba zo kugabanya uruhushya rwawe mbere y'igihe.
Kuyubahiriza amategeko si umutwaro- ni uburinzi ku iterambere ry’ubucuruzi mu gihe kirekire. Mu rwego rwo kugenzura ikoreshwa ry’ibintu bibiri ku isi, kubaka uburyo bukomeye bwo kubahiriza amategeko agenga ibyoherezwa mu mahanga ni inzira y’ingenzi kugira ngo abatumiza indege zitagira abapilote bagere ku ntsinzi irambye.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 15 Nyakanga-2026